Recognize the Signs: When is Your Hedgehog Unwell

African pygmy hedgehogs are masters at hiding illness. In the wild, showing weakness could make them an easy target and that instinct carries over into captivity. That’s why it’s so important to know what normal looks like for your hedgehog and to notice even small changes in behavior, appearance or habits.

This lesson teaches you what signs to look out for, so you can take action early and keep your hedgehog healthy and comfortable.

Why Early Detection Matters

Hedgehogs don’t get colds like we do. When something is “off,” it usually means there’s an underlying issue that needs attention. Minor problems can turn serious quickly, so early recognition is key.

You are your hedgehog’s first line of defense. Daily check-ins, even just a few minutes, can help catch problems before they become emergencies.

What to Watch For: Key Signs of Illness

Change in Appetite

If your hedgehog suddenly eats less (or stops eating entirely), this can signal stress, pain, dental problems or illness. Refusing insects or favorite treats is often the first red flag.

Unusual Poop

Hedgehog stool can tell you a lot about their health. Normal stools are: firm, dark brown, log-shaped. Abnormal stools are: green, runny, bloody, foul-smelling or mucousy.

Watch for signs of diarrhea or constipation, and track changes after introducing new food.

Weight Loss or Sudden Weight Gain

• Weigh your hedgehog regularly (at least weekly).
• Losing more than 10% of body weight = red flag
• Sudden gain may mean bloating, tumors or organ problems

Use a digital kitchen scale and track results.

Changes in Activity or Behavior

Lethargy — moving less, sleeping more, or seeming “off” — is often a subtle first symptom. Other signs include:

• Wobbliness
• Reluctance to walk or explore
• Hiding more than usual
• Refusing to unball

Abnormal Posture or Movement

Hedgehogs that drag their back legs, tilt their head, walk in circles or appear stiff may be in pain or suffering from neurological issues.

A common concern is Wobbly Hedgehog Syndrome (WHS), but similar symptoms can result from ear infections, injuries or tumors, all of which need urgent vet care.

Breathing Issues

Labored breathing, wheezing, or clicking while breathing are not normal. These could signal respiratory infections or allergies. Hedgehogs should breathe quietly.

Discharge or Swelling

Check for:

• Discharge from eyes, nose, mouth or genitals
• Visible swelling or lumps
• Scabs, wounds or flaking skin

Skin problems are common and may point to mites, fungal infections or allergies.

Changes in Urine

Strong-smelling, discolored, or very frequent/infrequent urination may indicate bladder or kidney issues. Blood in urine is an immediate emergency.

When to Call the Vet Immediately

Some signs require immediate vet attention:

• Refusal to eat for more than 24 hours
• Green or black diarrhea
• Sudden paralysis or extreme wobbliness
• Bleeding from any orifice
• Collapse or unresponsive behavior
• Rapid breathing, gasping or gurgling sounds

When in doubt: call your exotic vet. It’s always better to be safe than sorry.

Keeping Track

A health journal helps you notice patterns and spot changes early. Include:

• Weight (weekly)
• Food intake
• Activity level
• Stool quality
• Notes on behavior

Summary

Spotting illness in your hedgehog means knowing what’s normal, and paying attention when things change. Small signs can mean big trouble if ignored, so be proactive, gentle, and observant. Your hedgehog depends on you to notice when something’s wrong and to act fast when it is.

Sources

Reeve, N. (1994). Hedgehogs. Poyser Natural History.

The Hedgehog Welfare Society. (2021). Health Monitoring for Pet Hedgehogs.

Dierenkliniek Wilhelminapark. Gezondheidsproblemen bij Afrikaanse witbuikegels.

Mieshelle Nagelschneider (2020). Small Mammal Veterinary Guide.

Exotic Pet Vet Resources – avianandexotic.com (accessed 2024)